onventional optical systems use narrow lenses within the shaft of the laparoscope or hysteroscope. These systems were improved upon during the 1960s through the invention of the Hopkins rod lens optical system, which uses special glass rods with optically finished ends (to replace the smaller conventional lenses). The advantages of the Hopkins optical system include better light transmission (which improves the brightness, contrast and resolution of the picture obtained) and wider viewing angles (for more complete visualization of the structures that are viewed).
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